LncRNA Information
ID	EL1061	Name	GAS5	Aliases	NCRNA00030, SNHG2
Species	Homo sapiens	Chromosome	1	Start site	173863899
End site	173868882	Chain	minus	Exon NO.	13
Assembly	GRCh38.p13	Class	lincRNA	NCBI accession	NR_152521, NR_152527, NR_152529, NR_152534, NR_152522, NR_152523, NR_152530, NR_152526, NR_152528, N
Ensembl	ENSG00000234741	Sequence	NR_152521 NR_152527 NR_152529 NR_152534 NR_152522 NR_152523 NR_152530 NR_152526 NR_152528 N	Peptide-related	N/A
CircRNA	yes	Exosomal	yes	Structure	N/A

Disease
Disease	Drug/chemo/stress	Method	Sample	Expression pattern	Dysfunction type	Description	PMID
breast cancer		RT-PCR array	breast tumor specimens, xenograft mouse model	N/A	interaction	GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor. miR-21 is capable of suppressing the lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5). GAS5 can also repress miR-21 expression.	23933812
varicose great saphenous veins		knockdown	varicose great saphenous veins (GSVs) varicosities	down-regulated	interaction	The low expression of lncRNA-GAS5 may facilitate HSVSMCs proliferation and migration through Annexin A2 and thereby the pathogenesis of GSV varicosities	25806802
stomach cancer		N/A	stomach cancer tissues	down-regulated	interaction	In this study, we found that lncRNA GAS5 had lower expression in stomach cancer tissues than the normal counterparts. These results delineate a novel mechanism of lncRNA GAS5 in suppressing stomach carcinogenesis, and the lncRNA GAS5/YBX1/p21 pathway we discovered may provide useful targets for developing lncRNA-based therapies for stomach cancer.	25959498
liver fibrosis		overexpression	mouse, rat, and human fibrotic liver samples, activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC)	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 increased the level of p27 protein by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-222, thereby inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs. Overexpression of GAS5 suppressed the activation of primary HSCs in vitro and alleviated the accumulation of collagen in fibrotic liver tissues in vivo. GAS5 was identified as a target of microRNA-222 (miR-222) and showed that miR-222 could inhibit the expression of GAS5. GAS5 could also repress miR-222 expression.	26446789
endometrial cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown, Luciferase reporter assay,	endometrial cancer tissue, cell lines (HHUA, JEC)	down-regulated	interaction	We identified that GAS5 was down-regulated in endometrial cancer cells and stimulated the apoptosis of endometrial cancer cells. In summary, we demonstrate that GAS5 acts as an tumor suppressor lncRNA in endometrial cancer. Through inhibiting the expression of miR-103, GAS5 significantly enhanced the expression of PTEN to promote cancer cell apoptosis, and, thus, could be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer.	26511107
HCV infection			Huh7 cells	up-regulated	interaction	HCV stimulated endogenous GAS5 can suppress HCV infection by acting as HCV NS3 protein decoy, providing a potential role of GAS5 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target.	26945984
breast cancer		microarray, qRT-PCR	SKBR-3/Tr cells	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 promoted SKBR-3 cell proliferation	27034004
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase reporter assay.	gastric cancer tissues	down-regulated	interaction	These observations suggested that GAS5 could act as a ceRNA play critical roles in GC pathogenesis and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.	27827524
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR, Luciferase reporter assay, rescue experiments, Gain-of-function experiments	NSCLC tissues and cells	down-regulated	interaction	, GAS5 inhibits tumorigenesis and enhances radiosensitivity by suppressing miR-135b expression in NSCLC cells, deepening our understanding of the mechanism of miRNA-lncRNA interaction and providing a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.	28117028
melanoma		luciferase reporter gene assay	melanoma tissues	down-regulated	interaction	The GAS5/miR-137 axis could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.	28386376
prostate cancer		knockdown	prostate cancer	differential expression	interaction	GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer development and progression via targeting P27(Kip1)	28396462
cervical cancer	cisplatin	qRT-PCR, western blot, dual-luciferase reporter assay	cervical cancer tissue specimens, as well as cervical cancer cell lines	differential expression	interaction	Acts as a Tumor Suppressor via microRNA 21, Regulates Cisplatin Resistance Expression in Cervical Cancer	28472815
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR	CRC tissues	down-regulated	interaction	SPDD-UG significantly inhibited SW620 and LS174T cell growth and induced cell apoptosis. Intratumoral injection of SPDD-UG significantly suppressed xenografts growth in nude mice	28530127
glioma			Glioma stem cells	up-regulated	interaction	GAS5 suppresses GSC malignancy by binding to miR-196a-5p.	28666797
cervical cancer		luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay,qRT-PCR	cervical cancer cells	differential expression	interaction	GAS5 overexpression suppressed cervical cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis.	28671039
lung cancer		knockdown	NSCLC patients	down-regulated	interaction	The data of the present study demonstrated a novel mechanism by which GAS5/miR-21/PTEN affects the sensitivity of NSCLC to DDP-based therapy.	28686971
pancreatic cancer			pancreatic cancer cells and human PC specimens and cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 could positively regulate PTEN-induced tumor-suppressor pathway via miR-32-5p, thereby suppressing PC metastasis.	29225772
papillary thyroid carcinoma		qRT-PCR	PTC cells	down-regulated	interaction	Gas5 was markedly downregulated in both PTC tissues and PTC cell lines. Over-expression of Gas5 remarkably suppressed PTC cells proliferation in vitro and inhibited the growth of tumor cells in vivo likewise.	29423063
bladder cancer		qRT-PCR	bladder cancer cells	down-regulated	interaction	Downregulation of EZH2 by GAS5 resulted in overexpression of miR-101 in T24 and EJ cells. Furthermore, the level of GAS5 was increased under the treatment of Gambogic acid (GA), a promising natural anti-cancer compound, whereas knockdown of GAS5 suppressed the inhibitory effect of GA on cell viability and abolished GA-induced apoptosis in T24 and EJ cells.	29445179
HIV-1 infection				down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 may inhibit HIV-1 replication through interaction with miR-873 but the results may also provide novel biomarkers for antiviral drugs or potential targets for future therapeutics for HIV/AIDS.	29620929
ovarian cancer		western blot, Luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR, knockdown, overexpression,	ovarian cancer cell	down-regulated	interaction	The GAS5/miR-21/SPRY2 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.	29896229
breast cancer		microarray, overexpression	MCF-7R cells, parental, non-resistant MCF-7 cells, breast cancer tissues	down-regulated	interaction	Downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 confers tamoxifen resistance by activating miR-222 in breast cancer.	29969658
glioma		microarray, qRT-PCR, RNA precipitation, ISH, overexpression, knockdown,	glioma cells	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 is a tumor suppressor in human gliomas that acts in part by repressing miR-18a-5p	30078184
ovarian cancer		knockdown, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, mimic,	OA cells	down-regulated	interaction	Lowly-expressed lncRNA GAS5 facilitates progression of ovarian cancer through targeting miR-196-5p and thereby regulating HOXA5.	30201235
atherosclerosis		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, knockdown, mimics,		up-regulated	interaction	Rs145204276 was associated with the risk of atherosclerosis by affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of endothelial cells via regulating the GAS5/miR-21/PDCD4 signaling pathway.	30205366
PA-induced myocardial injury		qRT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, luciferase reporter assay, western blot, knockdown	PA-treated cardiomyocytes (H9c2 cells)	up-regulated	interaction	Downregulation of growth arrest-specific transcript 5 alleviates palmitic acid-induced myocardial inflammatory injury through the miR-26a/HMGB1/NF-κB axis.	30365114
pancreatic cancer		overexpression	PC cells	up-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 Reverses EMT and Tumor Stem Cell-Mediated Gemcitabine Resistance and Metastasis by Targeting miR-221/SOCS3 in Pancreatic Cancer.	30388621
malignant melanoma		western blot, knockdown, RNA co-immunoprecipitation	Samples of MM tumors (≥2-cm surgical margins) and adjacent noncancerous tissues , The A375 and SK-Mel-28 human MM cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 regulates redox balance and dysregulates the cell cycle and apoptosis in malignant melanoma cells.	30569211
cervical cancer	radio sensitivity	RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter assay, Overexpression, knockdown	CC tissues and CC cell lines, nude mouse model of CC	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 confers the radio sensitivity of cervical cancer cells via regulating miR-106b/IER3 axis.	30579899
childhood pneumonia		qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase activity assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,	human monocyte-derived macrophages from pneumonia children compared with the control group.	up-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 promotes M1 macrophage polarization via miR-455-5p/SOCS3 pathway in childhood pneumonia.	30584669
type 2 diabetes mellitus		CHIP-RIP	T2DM adipose tissue	down-regulated	interaction	NP-C86 may be used as a molecular probe to investigate the intricacies of GAS5 in relevant biological systems as it offers specificity, efficient cellular uptake and is non-cytotoxic.	30661991
hepatic fibrosis	carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)	qRT-PCR, western blot, dual-luciferase reporter system, RNA pull-down,	hepatic fibrosis tissues and activated HSCs, rat hepatic fibrosis model, HSC activation model,	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5/miR-23a may bring molecular targets for hepatic fibrosis therapy.lncRNA GAS5 restrains CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by targeting miR-23a through the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.	30735452
intervertebral disc degeneration		microarray, qRT-PCR, western blot, mimics, overexpression, knockdown	primary human NPCs derived from the intervertebral disc	down-regulated	interaction	Long noncoding RNA GAS5 promotes apoptosis in primary nucleus pulposus cells derived from the human intervertebral disc via Bcl-2 downregulation and caspase-3 upregulation.	30747227
liver cancer		knockdown, overexpression, mimic,	NK cells of patients with liver cancer	down-regulated	interaction	Knockdown of GAS5 in activated NK cells decreased IFN-γ secretion, NK cell cytotoxicity, the percentage of CD107a+ NK cells, and the apoptosis rate of HepG2 and Huh7 cells.We also proved the interaction of GAS5 and miR-544, and the negative regulation role of GAS5 on miR-544. GAS5 overexpression in activated NK cells increased RUNX3 expression, IFN-γ secretion, the NK cell cytotoxicity, the percentage of CD107a+ NK cells, and the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells, while miR-544 mimic abolished the promotion effect of GAS5 overexpression.	30774011
cardiac microvascular endothelial cells injury	homocysteine (HCY)	overexpression	the model of CMECs injury, CMECs induced by HCY.	down-regulated	interaction	Long-chain noncoding RNA GAS5 mediates oxidative stress in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells injury.	30825202
chronic non-bacterial prostatitis		overexpression, mimic, qRT-PCR, western blot, RNA pull-down, RIP,	Human prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1	down-regulated	interaction	Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 suppresses prostatic epithelial cell proliferation by regulating COX-2 in chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.	30892130
hypertension		overexpression, mimics	vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)	down-regulated	interaction	lncRNA GAS5 acts as a ceRNA for miR-21 in suppressing PDGF-bb-induced proliferation and migration in vascular smooth muscle cells.	31069831
glioma		qRT-PCR, western blot, overexpression, knockdown	normal glial cells, glioma cells	up-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of brain glioma cells through targeting GSTM3 expression.	31172354
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression, Luciferase reporter assays,	in GC and cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	Overexpression of long noncoding RNA GAS5 suppresses tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer by sponging miR-106a-5p through the Akt/mTOR pathway.	31182630
lung cancer	urethane	overexpression	human lung cancer tissues, lung cancer cells, and cells culture supernatant exosomes	down-regulated	interaction	Low Long Noncoding RNA Growth Arrest-Specific Transcript 5 Expression in the Exosomes of Lung Cancer Cells Promotes Tumor Angiogenesis.	31186629
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, Luciferase assay	HCC tissues and cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5-mediated miR-1323 promotes tumor progression by targeting TP53INP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.	31190897
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter,	HCC cells, HCC tissues	down-regulated	interaction	The levels of plasmatic circulating miR-126-3p and GAS5 were significantly higher and lower in HCC patients compared to healthy subjects, respectively.	31235746
ovarian cancer		RIP, overexpression, knockdown,	OV cancer cells	down-regulated	interaction	Downregulated Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Fails to Function as Decoy of CEBPB, Resulting in Increased GDF15 Expression and Rapid Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation.	31314588
epithelial ovarian cancer		microarray, qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase reporter assays, RNA pull-down, RIP, overexpression	The human ovarian cancer cell lines HEY, A2780, A2780/DDP, HO8910, HO8910PM, SKOV3, SKOV3/DDP, normal human ovarian epithelial cell line IOSE	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 over-expression caused cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis of OC cells	31391118
myocardial infarction		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase reporter assay, RIP, overexpression, knockdown	postmyocardial infarction (MI) and normal cells	up-regulated	interaction	lncRNA GAS5 regulates myocardial infarction by targeting the miR-525-5p/CALM2 axis.	31429119
atherosclerosis		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, knockdown	AS mice model and ox-LDL-treated macrophages.	up-regulated	interaction	GAS5 silencing repressed the malignant progression of AS at least partly through upregulation of miR-135a.	31545249
laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma		qRT-PCR,overexpression,western blot	LSCC tissue and human LSCC cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 suppresses LSCC progression through the negative regulation of miR-21 and its targets involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, indicating that GAS5 may serve as a biomarker and potential target for LSCC therapy.	31572003
oral squamous cell carcinoma	FoxO1;propofol	qRT-PCR,Luciferase reporter assays,CHIP	OSCC cells	up-regulated	interaction	GAS5, a FoxO1-actived long noncoding RNA, promotes propofol-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma apoptosis by regulating the miR-1297-GSK3β axis.	31583913
colorectal cancer		overexpression, RNA-seq, FISH,immunofluorescence, Gain- and Loss-of-function,	DLD1, LOVO, SW480, SW620, LS174T, HCT116, RKO, and HT29 cell lines	down-regulated	interaction	overexpression of GAS5 significantly impaired tumor growth with a concomitant decline in cell viability	31619268
diabetic nephropathy		RIP, Luciferase reporter assays, overexpression	DN patients, type 2 diabetes mellitus with DN	down-regulated	interaction	Long noncoding RNA GAS5 inhibits cell proliferation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by sponging miR-221 and modulating SIRT1 expression.	31631065
acute myocardial infarction		knockdown,qRT-PCR	model rats, myocardial tissues	up-regulated	interaction	SiRNA GAS5 can enhance the cardiac function of AMI model rats, relieve pathological damage, reduce myocardial cell apoptosis, and inhibit the occurrence of myocardial fibrosis.	31646590
triple-negative breast cancer	paclitaxel (PTX) or cisplatin (CIS)	qRT-PCR,luciferase reporter gene assay, western blot,RIP,overexpression,	mouse model, TNBC cells	down-regulated	interaction	lncRNA GAS5 could induce apoptosis in TNBC cells by targeting miR-378a-5p/SUFU signaling.	31692053
liver cancer	doxorubicin	qRT-PCR, knockdown, Luciferase reporter assays, RNA immune-precipitation assay	xenograft mouse model, HCC cell lines and tumor tissues	down-regulated	interaction	Downregulation of LncRNA GAS5 promotes liver cancer proliferation and drug resistance by decreasing PTEN expression.	31705194
diabetic kidney disease		Knockdown	TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells and the kidneys of HDF/STZ mice	up-regulated	interaction	knockdown of lncRNA GAS5 leads to antifibrosis by competitively binding miR-96-5p, which inhibits the expression of FN1.	31810140
atherosclerosis		knockdown	human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)	up-regulated	interaction	GAS5 can inhibit the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) by binding to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2).	31830648
allergic rhinitis		gain- and loss-of-function experiments	AR patient nasal mucus (AR-EXO) , nasal epithelial cells, CD4+ T cells, the percentage of IFN-γ expressing cells (Th1 cells), IL-4 expressing cells (Th2 cells)	up-regulated	interaction	Exosomal long non-coding RNA GAS5 suppresses Th1 differentiation and promotes Th2 differentiation via downregulating EZH2 and T-bet in allergic rhinitis.	31841965
diabetic nephropathy	high-glucose	qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase reporter assay, immunofluorescence, overexpression	HK-2 cells	down-regulated	interaction	lncRNA GAS5/miR-452-5p Reduces Oxidative Stress and Pyroptosis of High-Glucose-Stimulated Renal Tubular Cells.	31849505
diabetic cardiomyopathy	high glucose	knockdown,	AC16 cells	up-regulated	interaction	Knockdown of long noncoding RNA GAS5 protects human cardiomyocyte-like AC16 cells against high glucose-induced inflammation by inhibiting miR-21-5p-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling.	31865425
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	radiation	knockdown,overexpression,gain- and loss-of-function experiments,	radiation-sensitive and radiation-resistant ESCC tissues, and TE-1 and TE-1-R cells	down-regulated	interaction	Elevation of long non-coding RNA GAS5 and knockdown of microRNA-21 up-regulate RECK expression to enhance esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell radio-sensitivity after radiotherapy.	31866421
glioma		qRT-PCR,overexpression,western blot,knockdown	glioma cells	down-regulated	interaction	Long noncoding RNA-GAS5 attenuates progression of glioma by eliminating microRNA-10b and Sirtuin 1 in U251 and A172 cells.	31889362
osteoarthritis		knockdown, overexpression, Luciferase reporter assays,	osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs)	up-regulated	interaction	Silencing of long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is mediated by targeting the miR‑34a/Bcl‑2 axis.	31894330
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR, Overexpression, western blot	gastric cancer tissues and cells	down-regulated	interaction	The Long Noncoding RNA, Growth Arrest-Specific 5, Suppresses Gastric Cancer by Downregulating miR-21 Expression.	31910411
immune thrombocytopenia		qRT-PCR, RNA pull-down, RIP, Co-IP, overexpression	Th17 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ITP patients and spleen tissues of ITP mice	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 inhibited Th17 differentiation through promoting the TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of STAT3, thus relieving ITP.	31978798
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury		luciferase reporter assay, knockdown	H9c2 cells	up-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 was able to regulate MIRI through the PI3K/AKT apoptosis pathway by sponging miR‑532‑5p.	31985016
ischemic stroke		Knockdown, Overexpression, qRT-PCR, western blot, dual-Luciferase reporter, RIP, RNA pull-down, ChIP MSP,	patients with first-onset acute ischemic stroke, Newly born C57BL/6 mice	up-regulated	interaction	Collectively, the present study highlights that silencing GAS5 may inhibit neuronal apoptosis and improve neurological function in ischemic stroke by suppressing DNMT3B-mediated MAP4K4 methylation, which contributes to better understanding of the pathologies of ischemic stroke and development of novel therapeutic options for this disease.	31997156
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression	NSCLC NCI‑H460 cells, A549 cells	up-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 has a radiosensitization effect on NSCLC, indicating the potential application of lncRNA GAS5 in NSCLC radiotherapy.	32020207
acute myeloid leukemia		qRT-PCR	AML patients, healthy controls,	up-regulated	interaction	The present study reveals a possible role for NR3C1 in the pathogenesis of AML.	32032633
bladder cancer		Knockdown, overexpressin, qRT-PCR, western blot, Dual-luciferase reporter assay,	bladder cancer tissues, SV-HUC-1, HTB-9, J82, UM-UC-3, and T24 cells, BALB/c mice	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 could exert antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on bladder cancer cells through miR-21 and PTEN.	32069387
cervical cancer		overexpression, dual luciferase assay, knockdown	C33A and HeLa cervical cancer cells	down-regulated	interaction	Silencing of GAS5 could nullify the effects of miR-135a suppression on the proliferation of C33A and HeLa cells.	32105659
breast cancer	Adriamycin	Overexpression, Knockdown, qRT-PCR, western blot, RNA-seq, Luciferase Reporter Assay, RIP	biopsy-proven patients, Human breast cell line MCF-7 and ADR-resistant cell line MCF-7/ADR	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 exerted regulatory function in ADR resistance possibly through the miR-221-3p/DKK2 axis, providing a novel approach to develop promising therapeutic strategy for overcoming chemoresistance in breast cancer patients.	32160712
hepatocellular carcinoma	HCC cisplatin (CDDP)	qRT-PCR	hepatocellular carcinoma	down-regulated	interaction	Functionally, GAS5 overexpression sensitized CDDP-resistant HepG2/CDDP and Huh7/CDDP cells to CDDP. Mechanically, GAS5 improved the sensitivity of HCC cells to CDDP through sponging miR-222.	32213078
hypoxia injury		luciferase reporter assay, western blot, qRT-PCR	Hl-1 cells	up-regulated	interaction	LNCRNA Gas5 suppression protected Hl-1 cells against hypoxia injury by sponging Mir-222-3p.	32240616
allergic rhinitis		knockdown	Nasal mucosa samples, AR mice	up-regulated	interaction	The regulatory network among CircHIPK3, LncGAS5, and miR-495 promotes Th2 differentiation in allergic rhinitis.	32242002
acute kidney injury		knockdown, overexpression		up-regulated	interaction	GAS5 facilitated apoptosis by competitively sponging miR-21, which negatively regulated TSP-1 in renal I/R injury.	32257391
melanoma		knockdown, RIP	melanoma tissues and cells	down-regulated	interaction	The evidence provided by our study highlighted the involvement of lncRNA GAS5 in the translational suppression of EZH2 as well as the upregulation of CDKN1C, resulting in the promotion of melanoma cell apoptosis and oxidative stress.	32308561
vascular calcification		overexpression		down-regulated	interaction	GAS5/miR-26-5p/PTEN axis could serve as a potential therapeutic target for VC in patients with chronic kidney disease.	32347320
multiple sclerosis		qRT-PCR	108 unrelated Egyptian patients	up-regulated	interaction	Our results suggest serum GAS5 and miR-137 as MS biomarkers, with miR-137 as a negative predictor of MS risk and GAS5 as a marker of MS severity. We propose rs2067079 and rs1625579 as novel genetic markers of MS susceptibility, and at least, rs2067079 possibly impacts the crosstalk between GAS5 and miR-137.	32348112
fibrotic diseases	TGF-β	Knockdown, qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase reporter gene assay, RIP, ChIP, FISH	NIH-3T3 cells, Skin tissues of C57BL/6J mice, male C57BL/6 mice	down-regulated	interaction	GAS5 suppresses fibroblast activation and fibrogenesis through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, which provides a rationale for an lncRNA-based therapy to treat fibrotic diseases.	32374674
lymphoma		N/A	N/A	N/A	mutation	The GAS5 (growth arrest-specific transcript 5) gene fuses to BCL6 as a result of t(1;3)(q25;q27) in a patient with B-cell lymphoma.	18406879
prostate cancer		qRT-PCR	cell lines (HEK 293T, LNCaP, W7.2c etc.)	down-regulated	mutation	Chromosomal translocations affecting the 1q25 locus containing the Gas5 gene have been detected in melanoma, B-cell lymphoma, and prostate and breast cancer.	18836484
lymphoma		qRT-PCR	N/A	N/A	mutation	Chromosomal translocations affecting the 1q25 locus containing the Gas5 gene have been detected in melanoma, B-cell lymphoma, and prostate and breast cancer.	18836484
melanoma		qRT-PCR	N/A	N/A	mutation	Chromosomal translocations affecting the 1q25 locus containing the Gas5 gene have been detected in melanoma, B-cell lymphoma, and prostate and breast cancer.	18836484
breast cancer		qRT-PCR	cell lines (HEK 293T, LNCaP, W7.2c etc.)	down-regulated	expression	GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer.	18836484
autoimmune disease		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Increased lncRNA Gas5 activity in immune cells could suppress GR-induced transcriptional activity and contribute to the development of autoimmune disease.	20124551
cervical cancer		qRT-PCR	cell line (CaSki)	up-regulated	N/A	Generally, we found that some of the RNA molecules (HOTAIR and MALAT1) are down-regulated while many of them (lincRNA-p21, GAS5, MEG3, ANRIL, and ncRNA-CCND1) are up-regulated and some others (TUG1, UCA1, and PANDA) not affected. The decline in the expression of HOTAIR and MALAT1 was clearly evident in BLM-treated HeLa and MCF cells. For lincRNA-p21, ncRNA-CCND1, and MEG3, a similar up-regulation pattern was obvious in both cell lines where the increase was generally more pronounced in BLM-treated cells.	22487937
tumor		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Binding to GR as a decoy and blocking transcriptional induction by GR, induces growth arrest and apoptosis.	22996375
renal cell carcinoma		qRT-PCR	renal cell carcinoma tissue, cell lines (A498, HK-2 etc.)	down-regulated	N/A	The expression of GAS5 was lower in the RCC cell line A498 than that in normal renal cell line HK-2. Furthermore, using functional expression cloning, we found that overexpression of GAS5 in A498 cells inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycling. Our study provided the first evidence that a decrease in GAS5 expression is associated with RCC genesis and progression and overexpression of GAS5 can act as a tumor suppressor for RCC, providing a potential attractive therapeutic approach for this malignancy.	23621190
prostate cancer		qRT-PCR, knockdown	cell lines (22Rv1, PC-3 etc.)	up-regulated	N/A	GAS5 promotes the apoptosis of prostate 34 cells, and exonic sequence, i.e. GAS5 lncRNA, is sufficient to mediate this activity. Abnormally low levels of 35 GAS5 expressionmay therefore reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents.	23676682
prostate cancer		microarray, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, Northern bolt, knockdown	prostate cancer tissue, cell lines (LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, PC3 etc.)	up-regulated	N/A	Interestingly, nine out of these thirteen known cancer-related lncRNA showed significantly differential expression between tumor and normal prostate samples. Several lncRNA such as NEAT1, DANCR, HOTTIP, PRINS, and EGOT that have established functions in forming nuclear speckles, in development or in autoimmune disease, but were not previously known to be related to cancer, showed differential expression between tumor and normal prostate samples, suggesting their potential function in prostate cancer.	23728290
pancreatic cancer		qRT-PCR, Western bolt	pancreatic cancer tissue, cell lines (BxPC-3, PANC-1, AsPC-1, Hs766T etc.)	down-regulated	N/A	We verify that the expression level of gas5 is significantly decreased in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal control. Overexpression of gas5 in pancreatic cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation, whereas gas5 inhibition induces a significant decrease in G0/G1 phase and an increase in S phase. We further demonstrate that gas5 negatively regulates CDK6 expression in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, knockdown of CDK6 partially abrogates gas5-siRNA-induced cell proliferation.	24026436
bladder cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown, RIP	bladder cancer tissue, cell lines (T24, DSH1, RT112, RT4, KU7, 253J etc.)	down-regulated	N/A	In the present study, we found that the GAS5 expression is commonly downregulated in bladder cancer cell lines and human specimens. Knockdown of GAS5 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, whereas forced expression of GAS5 suppresses cell proliferation. We further demonstrated that knockdown of GAS5 increases CDK6 mRNA and protein levels in bladder cancer cells. Expectedly, GAS5 inhibition induces a significant decrease in G0/G1 phase and an obvious increase in S phase.	24069260
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown	NSCLC tissue, cell lines (A549, H1650, H1299, H1975, SK-MES etc.)	down-regulated	N/A	The results revealed that GAS5 expression was down-regulated in cancerous tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues (P < 0.05) and was highly related to tumor size and TNM stage (P < 0.05). This correlation between GAS5 and clinicopathological parameters indicates that GAS5 might function as a tumor suppressor. Furthermore, GAS5 overexpression increased tumor cell growth arrest and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.	24357161
kidney cancer		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Tumour suppressor	24373479
prostate cancer		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Tumour suppressor; putative oncogene host	24373479
multiple myeloma		qRT-PCR	blood (plasma)	down-regulated	expression	HOTAIR long non-coding RNA is a negative prognostic factor not only in primary tumors, but also in the blood of colorectal cancer patients.	24583225
tumor		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	ANRIL, GAS5 and lincRNA-p23 are involved in the escape of growth suppression by regulating tumor suppressor genes (ANRIL) or apoptosis regulators.	24667321
lymphoma		knockdown	cell lines (Jeko-124 and Z-138)	down-regulated	N/A	Downregulation of GAS5 substantially reduced the effects of each rapalogue on cell viability, DNA synthesis, and colony-forming ability.Stimulation of expression of candidate tumor suppressor GAS5 is responsible for much of the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of rapalogues in MCL, suggesting that improved targeting of this pathway may allow improvements in the therapy of this intractable lymphoma.	24703244
tumor		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Our own work suggests that while RoR (Zhang et al., 2013a) may function as an oncogene through suppression of p53 in response to DNA damage, loc285194 (Liu et al., 2013) and GAS5 (Zhang et al., 2013b) may play a tumor suppressive role through the “competitive endogenous RNA” (CeRNA) mechanism (Salmena et al., 2011).	24721780
cancer		N/A	N/A	N/A	expression	Pickard et al. showed that GAS5 promotes apoptosis of prostate cells after irradiation with UV, and low GAS5 expression therefore reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents.	24757675
breast cancer		qRT-PCR, knockdown	cell lines (MCF7, T-47D)	down-regulated	expression	GAS5?lncRNA?promoted the apoptosis of triple-negative and oestrogen receptor-positive cells but only dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition was able to enhance GAS5 levels in all cell types. Reduced GAS5 expression attenuates apoptosis induction by classical chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells, providing an explanation for the relationship between GAS5 expression and breast cancer patient prognosis.?	24789445
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown	gastric cancer tissue, cell lines (SGC7901, BGC823, MGC803, MKN45, MKN28)	down-regulated	N/A	GAS5 expression was markedly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues. Moreover, ectopic expression of GAS5 was demonstrated to decrease gastric cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, while downregulation of endogenous GAS5 could promote cell proliferation. GAS5 could influence gastric cancer cells proliferation, partly via regulating E2F1 and P21 expression.	24884417
malignant pleural mesothelioma		qRT-PCR, knockdown	MPM tissue, cell lines (SPC111, SPC212, ZL34, ZL55)	down-regulated	N/A	GAS5 expression was lower in MPM cell lines compared to normal mesothelial cells. GAS5 was upregulated upon growth arrest induced by inhibition of Hedgehog and PI3K/mTOR signalling in in vitro MPM models. The increase in GAS5 lncRNA was accompanied by increased promoter activity. Silencing of GAS5 increased the expression of glucocorticoid responsive genes glucocorticoid inducible leucine-zipper and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 and shortened the length of the cell cycle. Drug induced growth arrest was associated with GAS5 accumulation in the nuclei. GAS5 was abundant in tumoral quiescent cells and it was correlated to podoplanin expression.	24885398
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR	HCC tissue	down-regulated	expression	The expression level of GAS5 was reduced in HCC in comparison to normal matched tissues (P < 0.05). It is also proved that GAS5 expression was to be associated with HCC tumor size, lymphnode metastasis and clinical stage (P < 0.05). In addition, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that low GAS5 expression was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. GAS5 expression was an independent prognostic marker of overall HCC patient survival in a multivariate analysis.	25120813
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR,	CRC tissue	down-regulated	expression	The lower expression of GAS5 was significantly correlated with large tumor size, low histological grade and advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses revealed that GAS5 expression served as an independent predictor for overall survival. Further experiments revealed that overexpressed GAS5 significantly repressed the proliferation both in vitro and in vivo.	25326054
cervical cancer		qRT-PCR, knockdown	cervical cancer tissue	down-regulated	expression	We found that GAS5 expression was markedly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues than in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Decreased GAS5 expression was significantly correlated with FIGO stage, vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Moreover, cervical cancer patients with GAS5 lower expression have shown significantly poorer overall survival than those with higher GAS5 expression. And GAS5 expression was an independent prognostic marker of overall survival in a multivariate analysis.	25400758
prostate cancer		knockdown	prostate cancer cells	up-regulated	expression	mTOR inhibition enhances GAS5 transcript levels in certain prostate cancer cell lines. This selectivity is likely to be related to endogenous GAS5 expression levels.	25650269
lung adenocarcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot	lung cancer tissue, cell lines (A549, H1299, H1975, HCC827)	down-regulated	expression	Our results showed that GAS5 was significantly downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with the paired adjacent non-tumorous tissue samples. Furthermore, lower GAS5 expression levels were associated with larger tumor sizes, poor tumor differentiation, and advanced pathological stages. GAS5 overexpression was inversely correlated with the expression of the EGFR pathway and IGF-1R proteins.	25925741
hepatocellular carcinoma		microarray, qRT-PCR	HBV-related HCC tissue	up-regulated	expression	Four upregulated lncRNAs were randomly selected and analyzed for their expression levels in tissue samples from 14 HBV-related HCC patients. The corresponding non-tumor tissues were analyzed via qPCR, in which the obtained results are consistent with the microarray data.	26109807
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase reporter assay, knockdown	cell lines (Sk-Hep-1, BEL-7404, Huh7)	up-regulated	expression	rs145204276 may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis by affecting methylation status of the GAS5 promoter and subsequently its transcriptional activity thus serving as a potential therapy target for HCC.	26163879
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase reporter assay, knockdown, RIP	HCC tissue, cell lines (Bel-7402, SMMC-7721, HCCLM3 etc.)	down-regulated	expression	The present report demonstrates that there are lower levels of GAS5, PDCD4, and PTEN and higher levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in HCC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Then, overexpression of GAS5 suppresses the migration and invasion of HCC cells and high expression of miR-21 largely eliminates GAS5-mediated suppression of HCC cell migration and invasion.	26404135
ovarian cancer		microarray, qRT-PCR, knockdown	EOC tissue, cell lines (HO8910, A2780)	down-regulated	expression	The data show that no significant differences of GAS5 expression were observed between normal ovarian epithelium and benign epithelial lesions; however, GAS5 expression was lower in EOC tissues compared with normal ovarian epithelial tissues, which was closely related to lymph node metastasis and tumor node metastasis stage. Finally, through mitochondrial potential and western blot analyses, GAS5 could disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential and promote BAX, BAK, cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-caspase 9 expression.	26503132
breast cancer		qRT-PCR	breast cancer tissues and postoperative blood samples	down-regulated	expression	Analysis in the 39 paired preoperative and postoperative plasma samples showed that lower GAS5 levels appeared in the patients with a high Ki67 proliferation index before surgery and the patients with a positive lymph node metastasis state after surgery. Plasma lncRNA GAS5 may have the potential to assess the surgical effects and prognosis for BC patients	26662314
type 2 diabetes mellitus		microarray, qRT-PCR	Serum samples obtained from 96 participating veterans at JAH VA	N/A	expression	Decreased GAS5 levels in serum were associated with diabetes in a cohort of US military veterans.	26674525
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues	down-regulated	expression	Overexpression of GAS5 significantly suppressed the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in vitro, promoted the apoptosis of hepatoma cells.	26707238
melanoma		qRT-PCR	SK-Mel‑110 melanoma cell	down-regulated	N/A	Overexpressing lncRNA GAS5 inhibited the migration and invasion	26846479
breast cancer			hormone-sensitive and -insensitive breast cancer cell lines	up-regulated	N/A	induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells	26862727
non-small cell lung cancer		knockdown, overexpression, qRT-PCR,	cancerous and adjacent normal tissues from 15 NSCLC patients	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 downregulation is associated with cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. GAS5 can inhibit autophagy and therefore enhance cisplatin sensitivity in NSCLC cells.	27338051
hypertension		knockdown,	hypertension	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 was mainly expressed in ECs and VSMCs, and its expression was significantly downregulated in hypertension. GAS5 knockdown affected endothelial activation, endothelial proliferation, VSMC phenotypic conversion, and EC-VSMC communication in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, GAS5 regulated EC and VSMC function through β-catenin signaling	27432865
gastric cancer	Adriamycin (ADM)	qRT-PCR, Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP), overexpression,	gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues, gastric cancer cells	down-regulated	epigenetics	GAS5 is significantly downregulated in gastric cancer cells and further decreased in ADM resistant cancer cells at least partly due to promoter hypermethylation. The enforced GAS5 expression can sensitize gastric cancer cells to ADM.	27466992
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR,	plasma samples	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 expression was decreased in NSCLC Plasma. Plasma samples were more accessible than tissue samples in clinical; therefore, GAS5 could be an ideal biomarker for the diagnosis of NSCLC	27631209
ovarian cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot	63 ovarian cancer tissues	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 influenced ovarian cancer cell proliferation, partly via regulating cyclin D1, p21 and apoptosis protease activating factor 1 (APAF1) expression. Our findings suggest that lncRNA GAS5 may represent a novel indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer and may be a potential therapeutic target for diagnosis and therapy.	27779700
colorectal cancer		Microarray	colorectal cancer cell	down-regulated	mutation	We found the allele del of rs145204276 was significantly associated with 21% decreased risk of CRC (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.70-0.89; P value = 5.21×10-5). Compared with the genotype ins/ins, both the genotype ins/del (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.68-0.91) and del/del (OR=0.64; 95% CI=0.49-0.84) showed decreased susceptibility.	27863421
bladder transitional cell carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot,	bladder transitional cell carcinoma tissues and cells	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 was a prognostic biomarker of disease free survival in BTCC patients, and acted as a tumor-suppressing gene to inhibit malignant proliferation and resistance to doxorubicin in BTCC cells	27878359
neuroblastoma		Knockdown	MYCN-amplified and non-amplified cell lines	up-regulated	expression	The long non-coding RNA GAS5 differentially regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activation of BRCA1 and p53 in human neuroblastoma.	28035057
lung cancer		knockdown	SCLC tissues and cells	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 led to the arrest of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell growth and a promotion of apoptosis	28059053
colorectal cancer		knockdown	CRC tissues, CRC cell lines	down-regulated	expression	The cytokines IL-10 and VEGF-A inhibited by GAS5 may provide targets for lncRNA-based therapies for CRC.	28099146
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR	80 pairs of cancer tissues and 57 pairs of plasma samples of NSCLC patients, 111 NSCLC patients and 78 healthy controls	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 decreased in NSCLC tissues compared to noncancerous tissues (P<0.001). Furthermore, the GAS5 expression level was statistically declined in early stage of NSCLC before surgery compared with healthy controls (P<0.05) and sharply increased in postoperative groups (P=0.026).	28339045
systemic lupus erythematosus		qRT-PCR	plasma	down-regulated	expression	GAS5,linc0597and lnc-DC in plasma could potential biomarker for SLE	28423570
thyroid cancer		qRT-PCR	212 patients with TC and 61 patients with benign thyroid tumor	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 may be closely related to the diagnosis and prognosis of TC. There was a decrease in the lncRNA GAS5 expression in TC tissues in comparison to benign tumor tissues.	28506768
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression, knockdown	CRC and adjacent normal mucosa tissue samples from 53 patients, seven CRC cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Overexpression of GAS5 inhibited cell proliferation and survival, and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.however, knockdown of GAS5 expression enhanced cell proliferation, and reduced G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis	28521420
cardiac fibrosis			cardiac fibroblast tissues	differential expression	expression	A significant mediator in the control of cell proliferation and growth	28526319
inflammatory bowel disease		knockdown	colon and ovarian cancers	differential expression		GAS5 could be considered a novel pharmacogenomic marker useful for the personalization of GC therapy.	28722800
prostate cancer		knockdown,	PCa tissue was higher than normal tissue	up-regulated	expression/mutation	Prostate cancer (PCa) becomes a leading cause of death in males nowadays. Recent reports showed that androgen-responsive long non-coding RNAs played important roles in tumorigenesis and progression of PCa.	28771526
demyelinating disease		microarray, Gain- and loss-of-function	microglial		epigenetics	We identify the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAS5 as an epigenetic regulator of microglial polarization.	28808113
atherosclerosis	oxLDL	qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown	THP-1 cells	up-regulated	expression	The function of lncRNA GAS5 in atherogenesis which regulates the apoptosis of macrophages and endothelial cells via exosomes and suggest that suppressing the lncRNA GAS5 might be an effective way for the therapy of atherosclerosis.	28945793
nasopharyngeal carcinoma			NPC patients		N/A		28977945
hepatocellular carcinoma			tumor tissues		expression	GAS5 might be served as a novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in various types of cancers.	29163187
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma		Luciferase reporter assay, ChIRP-qRT-PCR, qRT-PCR, RNA immunoprecipitaion,	Tumor tissues and cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Negative regulation of lncRNA GAS5 by miR-196a inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth.	29170131
breast cancer		qRT-PCR,	breast cancer tissues and parental MCF-7 cells and paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/PR) cells,	down-regulated	expression	A decreased expression of lncRNA-GAS5 promotes lung metastasis of breast cancer by inducing EMT, suggesting the potential of lncRNA-GAS5 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.	29180320
lung cancer		qRT-PCR		down-regulated	expression	Genetic variation of lncRNA GAS5 contributes to the development of lung cancer.	29207621
ovarian cancer		qRT-PCR, ELISA, western blot	ovarian cancer cells	down-regulated	expression	Exogenous overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 in ovarian cancer cells inhibited proliferation, colony formation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.	29229673
coronary artery disease		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown, overexpression	human primary coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs)	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 knockdown significantly increased the level of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR), and GAS5 overexpression significantly decreased the level of p-mTOR.	29267258
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR,	CRC and normal tissues, adjacent normal tissues	down-regulated	expression	The findings indicated that overexpression of lncRNA Gas5 can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion but promote apoptosis of CRC cells.	29308053
hepatocellular carcinoma			HCC cells		expression	We found that the anti-HCC mechanism of corylin's action lies in the upregulation of tumor suppressor long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) and the activation of its downstream anticancer pathways.	29382035
systemic lupus erythematosus		qRT-PCR	CD4+ T cells		expression	In conclusion, GAS5 and miR-21 in CD4+ T cells may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of SLE.	29387192
glaucoma		knockdown, qRT-PCR, western blot	retinal ganglion cells	differential expression	expression	LncRNA GAS5 may maintain retinal ganglion cell survival in glaucoma through the activation of TGF-β pathway to promote cell proliferation and differentiation.	29509235
cervical cancer		qRT-PCR, ISH	Cervical cancer cell line HeLa	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 on cell proliferation provides the academic basis for the future therapy of cervical cancer.	29509242
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR	Gastric Cancer tissues	down-regulated	expression	The Variant rs145204276 of GAS5 is Associated with the Development and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer.	29557411
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression,	Colorectal Cancer Cells	up-regulated	expression	Following the overexpression of GAS5, the GAS5 expressions was up-regulated and miR-221 expression was down-regulated; the rate of cell proliferation, migration and invasion were decreased	29630521
polycystic ovary syndrome			serums PCOS patients with IR	down-regulated	expression	Downregulation of serum long noncoding RNA GAS5 may contribute to insulin resistance in PCOS patients.	29648472
inflammation		immunofluorescence assays, PCR arrays, knockdown,overexpression, qRT-PCR,	U937 stimulated by ΔPG0352 than those with P. gingivalis W83 and comΔPG0352	differential expression	expression	Sialidase Deficiency in Porphyromonas gingivalis Increases IL-12 Secretion in Stimulated Macrophages Through Regulation of CR3, IncRNA GAS5 and miR-21.	29675399
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma		overexpression	ESCC tissue	up-regulated	expression	The feedback loop between GAS5 and the IFN signaling pathway plays an important antitumor role in ESCC, thus providing novel potential therapeutic targets.	29745062
triple-negative breast cancer		qRT-PCR, luciferase assay, overexpression,	TNBC tissues	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) antagonizing tumor promotion of miR-196a-5p-expressing TNBC cells. GAS5 can suppress TNBC progression by competitively binding miR-196a-5p, therefore GAS5 may be a prognostic biomarker of TNBC.	29793177
atherosclerosis		knockdown, overexpression,	atherosclerotic plaques and THP-1 macrophage exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprote(ox-LDL).	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 can trigger inflammatory response and MMP expression by acting as a sponge of miR-221, which may facilitate fibrous cap degradation and aggravate atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, supporting a promising therapeutic agent against atherosclerosis.	29859752
renal cell carcinoma	sorafenib	overexpression, knockdown	sorafenib nonresponsive RCCs	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 downregulation may be a new marker of poor response to sorafenib and GAS5 could be a potential therapeutic target for sorafenib treatment in RCC.	29895198
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot, overexpression	ESCC tissues and cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Downregulation of long non-coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	30008868
osteosarcoma		qRT-PCR,	132 OS patients and 1270 healthy controls	up-regulated	expression	The genetic variant rs145204276 is functionally associated with the susceptibility of OS, which can function as a protective factor in the incidence of OS possibly through the regulation of GAS5	30013899
obesity-related disease		overexpression, knockdown, luciferase reporter assay	3T3-L1 Cells	down-regulated	expression	Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Suppresses 3T3-L1 Cells Adipogenesis Through miR-21a-5p/PTEN Signal Pathway.	30020817
colorectal cancer		overexpression, dual-luciferase reporter assay	CRC tissues and cell lines	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation via the miR-182-5p/FOXO3a axis	30066886
autophagy		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, knockdown, mimics, overexpression,	293T cells,	down-regulated	expression	Knockdown of Long Non-Coding RNA GAS5 Increases miR-23a by Targeting ATG3 Involved in Autophagy and Cell Viability.	30078013
breast cancer		qRT-PCR	BC tissues, normal tissues, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines	down-regulated	expression	MALAT1, GAS5, SRA, and NEAT1 lncRNAs are dysregulated in BC samples. However, except for MALAT1, the expression levels of all of these lncRNAs were significantly lower in cancers developed in younger cases, where poorer prognosis is suggested.	30126830
renal ischemia-reperfusion injury		overexpression, knockdown,	I/R injury mice or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells)	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 siRNA treatment downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of p53 and TSP-1, and attenuated apoptosis induced by H/R in HK-2 cells.	30129267
hepatitis B cirrhosis		RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR	HQDG group (42 cases) and control group (43 cases)	up-regulated	expression	CDC42 and GLI1 may be the targets of HQDG in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. Additionally, SMAD2, EGFR, AKT1, RHOA and GAS5 might be associated with the curative effect of HQDG on hepatitis B cirrhosis patients.	30155678
ischemic stroke		qRT-PCR, PCR-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Luciferase Reporter Assay,	509 patients with IS and 668 healthy controls	up-regulated	expression	Rs145204276 del allele exhibited a significant association with an increased IS susceptibility by elevating the transcriptional activity and subsequently enhancing the expression of lncRNA GAS5.	30197169
rheumatoid arthritis		knockdown	synovial tissues and RAFLS	down-regulated	expression	Tan IIA promotes RAFLS apoptosis by up-regulating lncRNA GAS5, with enhanced expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-9 and inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling.	30232236
breast cancer		colony-formation assay	breast cancer cells	down-regulated	expression	The modulation of lncRNA expression and inhibition of NF-κB activation by bharangin may contribute to its anti-carcinogenic activities.	30251663
osteoarthritis		loss- and gain-of-function assay, overexpression	cervical cancer tissues and cell lines	up-regulated	expression	MNX1-AS1 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through MAPK pathway.	30302799
glioma		knockdown, overexpression	glioma cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 facilitates glioma cell sensitivity to cisplatin by suppressing excessive autophagy in an mTOR-dependent manner.	30317677
esophageal cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression, western blot	Tumor tissues and adjacent healthy tissues	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 was downregulated in esophageal cancer patients compared to healthy controls, and GAS5 overexpression suppressed proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells by inactivating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.	30368517
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR,	HCC tissues	up-regulated	expression	Development of a GeXP-Based Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Long Noncoding RNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.	30423146
acute respiratory distress syndrome		mimic, qRT-PCR, RNA immunoprecipitation,RNA pull-down, western blot,	ARDS rat models, A549 cells were divided into control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+ pcDNA, LPS+ pcDNA-GAS5, LPS+ pcDNA-GAS5+ pre-NC, LPS+ pcDNA-GAS5+miR-200c-3p mimic groups.	down-regulated	expression	Role of signaling pathway of long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5/microRNA-200c-3p/angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the apoptosis of human lung epithelial cell A549 in acute respiratory distress syndrome	30440128
atherosclerosis		qRT-PCR, Luciferase reporter assay, RIP, RNA pull-down, western blot	the plasma samples of patients with atherosclerosis and ox-LDL-treated HAECs	up-regulated	expression	Knockdown of growth-arrest specific transcript 5 restores oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced impaired autophagy flux via upregulating miR-26a in human endothelial cells.	30468731
coronary artery disease		overexpression	rat models of CAD, myocardial tissues	down-regulated	expression	Overexpression of GAS5 inhibits abnormal activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in myocardial tissues of rats with coronary artery disease.	30511472
breast cancer		mimics	breast cancer tissues, a mouse model of breast cancer xenografts	down-regulated	expression	MiR-221/222 promote tumor growth and suppress apoptosis by targeting lncRNA GAS5 in breast cancer.	30538172
sepsis		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown	podocytes, The sepsis model	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 promotes podocyte injury in sepsis by inhibiting PTEN expression.	30556845
varicocele		qRT-PCR,	differentiated macrophages of patients	down-regulated	expression	The lncRNA-GAS5, miRNA-661, miRNA-1202 and MMP9 are involved in varicose disease.	30558403
oral squamous cell carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown, overexpression,	oral squamous cell	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the miR-21/PTEN axis.	30576678
klinefelter's syndrome		RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, overexpression	10 patients with KS and 10 age-matched controls.	up-regulated	expression	Evidence for long noncoding RNA GAS5 up-regulationin patients with Klinefelter syndrome.	30612561
febrile seizure		qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry assays, luciferase assays, overexpression,	cells collected from FS patients or genotyped as INS/DEL and DEL/DEL	up-regulated	expression	The overexpression of GAS5 could decrease the magnitude of FS.	30656683
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, knockdown	CRC tissues and cells.	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby suppressing the angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of CRC.	30672001
hepatocellular carcinoma		qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase reporter assays	HCC tissue samples	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 Regulates RECK Expression and Inhibits Invasion Potential of HCC Cells by Sponging miR-135b.	30733959
papillary thyroid carcinoma		qRT-PCR	cancerous and noncancerous tissues	up-regulated	expression	The expression of lncRNA-GAS5 and lncRNA-FAL1 revealed a significant association with tumor node metastasis staging (P < 0.042 and P < 0.001, respectively). It seems that the lncRNA-GAS5 and lncRNA-FAL1 genes play an oncogenic role in PTC.	30746742
cerebral injury		Dual luciferase assay, knockdown, qRT-PCR, western blot,	a rat model of prolonged deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.	up-regulated	expression	Inhibition of long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 attenuates cerebral injury induced by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rats.	30824348
breast cancer		qRT-PCR, Dual luciferase reporter assay	breast cancer (BC) tissues and cell lines	down-regulated	mutation	The rs145204276 del allele might protect against the development of BC via inducing the promoter activity by binding to transcriptional factor specificity protein 1, and finally resulting in higher levels of GAS5	30846409
colorectal cancer		qRT-PCR, dual-luciferase assay, western blot	CRC tissues	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 repressed apoptosis and increased invasion and migration capability of CRC cells.	30902880
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR, western blot, Luciferase assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay,	lung cancer cell	down-regulated	expression	Upregulation of GAS5 in NSCLC suppresses its growth, migration, and invasion via the miR-205/PTEN axis.	30926767
prostate cancer	α-Solanine	overexpression	PCa cells,	down-regulated	expression	Long noncoding RNA GAS5 modulates α-Solanine-induced radiosensitivity by negatively regulating miR-18a in human prostate cancer cells.	30970507
non-small cell lung cancer		qRT-PCR,	in patients with NSCLC compared with healthy controls	down-regulated	expression	Tumor-derived exosomal lncRNA GAS5 as a biomarker for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer diagnosis.	31032916
non-small cell lung cancer			non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue	down-regulated	expression	The results showed significant downregulation of GAS5 expression and upregulation of SOX2OT in NSCLC patients compared with controls	31077615
childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia		qRT-PCR	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 expression was higher on day 15 in comparison to its level at diagnosis (p<0.0005). On day 33, the level of GAS5 expression decreased in comparison with day 15, but it was still significantly higher than at diagnosis for the majority of patients (p=0.001).	31156339
breast cancer		overexpression, knockdown, qRT-PCR	breast cancer cells	down-regulated	expression	Some of the lncRNAs having tumor suppressor (GAS5, MEG3, lincRNA-p21) and oncogenic roles (HOTAIR) are regulated by c-MYC.	31326549
rheumatoid arthritis		qRT-PCR	T cells from RA patients and healthy controls	up-regulated	expression	The expression of GAS5, THRIL, and RMRP lncRNAs is increased in T cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.	31346885
rheumatoid arthritis		ELISA, qRT-PCR, overexpression	plasma of RA patients	down-regulated	expression	LncRNA GAS5 overexpression downregulates IL-18 and induces the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes.	31372853
prostate carcinoma		overexpression, knockdown	prostate carcinoma cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Overexpression of miR-145 and lncRNA GAS5 promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in prostate carcinoma cell lines	31423164
gastric cancer		qRT-PCR, overexpression, RNA pull-down, RIP, Gain-of-function assays, ISH	GC tissues, cell lines	down-regulated	expression	Long non-coding RNA GAS5 inhibits migration and invasion in gastric cancer via interacting with p53 protein.	31530437
inflammatory bowel disease	lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	qRT-PCR,overexpression,	human monocytic THP1 cells, inflamed tissues	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 could mediate tissue damage by modulating the expression of MMPs.	31652976
pancreatic cancer			CD133+ population	down-regulated	expression	Long non-coding RNA GAS5 acts as proliferation "brakes" in CD133+ cells responsible for tumor recurrence.	31740660
oral squamous cell carcinoma	Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (P. corylifolia)		OSCC cells, cells and animal models of OSCC,	up-regulated	expression	Psorachromene Suppresses Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Inhibiting Long Non-coding RNA GAS5 Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.	31750253
rheumatoid arthritis		qRT-PCR	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	down-regulated	mutation	we highlighted two related potential functional SNPs, GAS5 rs6790 and linc0597 rs2680700 for associations with RA susceptibility.	31905737
type 2 diabetes mellitus		qRT-PCR	plasma	down-regulated	expression	Circulating long noncoding RNAs H19 and GAS5 are associated with type 2 diabetes but not with diabetic retinopathy	31999937
diabetes mellitus		qRT-PCR	Db wounds cells	up-regulated	expression	Thus, our results suggest that targeting long noncoding RNA GAS5 may provide a therapeutic intervention for correcting impaired Db wound healing.	32004569
human beta cell dysfunction	Glucocorticoid	Knockdown, Overexpression, qRT-PCR, western blot	Human pancreatic islets, male Goto-Kakizaki and control Wistar rats Pancreatic islets, EndoC-βH1 cells	down-regulated	expression	The direct adverse effect of glucocorticoid in human beta cell function is mediated via important beta cell proteins and components of the GC signaling pathway in an intricate interplay with GAS5 lincRNA, a potentially novel therapeutic target to counter GC-mediated beta cell dysfunction.	32029226
rheumatoid arthritis		overexpression	synovial tissues from RA patients and normal individuals	down-regulated	expression	GAS5 regulates RA via potentially targeting HIPK2.	32141429
pre-eclampsia		western blot, qRT-PCR	placenta	up-regulated	expression	Thus, we suggested that GAS5 might involve in pregnancy with preeclampsia by influencing the biological functions of trophoblast cells through the regulation of miR-21 and activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and its downstream targets, which may contribute to reveal the nature of preeclampsia.	32194641
colorectal cancer	5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin	knockdown	colorectal cancer cell HCT116-derived CSCs	up-regulated	expression	Therefore, it was hypothesized that GAS5 may function as a critical factor for maintaining stemness and that it may exert protective effects on CSCs in a NODAL-dependent manner.	32269616

Function (not disease relevant)
Drug/chemo/stress	Methods	Sample/condition	Expression pattern	Dysfunction type	Description	PMID
	knockdown,	Smooth muscle cell (SMC)	up-regulated	interaction	Our results have uncovered an lncRNA-based mechanism that modulates TGF-β/Smad3 signaling during SMC differentiation.	28659340
	overexpression, knockdown, luciferase reporter	Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)	up-regulated	interaction	The long noncoding RNA GAS5 negatively regulates the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs by modulating the miR-18a/CTGF axis as a ceRNA.	29748618
	qRT-PCR, western blot, RNA pull-down,RIP, overexpression	Cardiomyocyte, Myocardial infarction (MI) model	up-regulated	interaction	Long non-coding RNA GAS5 reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by MI through sema3a.	30099044
		osteosarcoma cells	down-regulated	interaction	ZBTB7A, a miR-663a target gene, protects osteosarcoma from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by suppressing LncRNA GAS5 expression.	30753838
	knockdown, overexpression	Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)	down-regulated	interaction	lncRNA GAS5/miR-223/NAMPT axis modulates the cell proliferation and senescence of endothelial progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling.	31026096
	overexpression, knockdown	Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) , rat carotid artery balloon injury model	down-regulated	interaction	LncRNA GAS5 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53 pathway.	31167125
	N/A	N/A	Up-regulated	expression	nonprotein-coding RNA GAS5 in the inhibition of T-cell proliferation	20421347
		exosomes secreted from cultured cells	up-regulated	expression	lincRNA-p21 and ncRNA-CCND1 were the main molecules; exosome levels of them best reflect the change of their cellular levels upon exposure of the cells to bleomycin-induced DNA damage.	24798520
	knockdown	human glioma cells	down-regulated	expression	The introduction of Gas5 by plasmid transfection increased the expression of tumor suppressor Bcl-2-modifying factor (bmf) and Plexin C1 via directly targeting and reducing the expression of miR-222. Downregulated expression of miR-222 inhibited U87 and U251 cell proliferation and promoted the apoptosis by upregulating bmf. Gas5 combined with the knockdown of miR-222 resulted in the smallest tumor volumes and the longest survivals of nude mice in vivo.	26364613
	knockdown, overexpression	human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 and NODAL form a feed-forward signalling loop that maintains hESC self-renewal.	27811843
Isoprenaline (ISO, a β-adrenergic agonist)	qRT-PCR	human umbilical veendothelial cells (HUVECs)	down-regulated	expression	Expression of miR-1, miR-21, and miR-210 was higher (3.89 ± 0.44, 2.87 ± 087, and 3.33 ± 1.31, respectively) in ISO-treated cells than that in controls (P < 0.01), whereas that of GAS5 and MEG3 (0.22 ± 0.10 and 0.58 ± 0.16, respectively) was lower as a result of ISO administration (P < 0.05).	27823999
		bone marrow	down-regulated	expression	These results indicate that the reduction of GAS5 RNA influenced by the NMD pathway activation leads to the Mϕ polarization stimulated with LPS and IC in combination.	28917839
	qRT-PCR, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	The human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8	up-regulated	expression	We concluded that Gas5 regulated proliferation and apoptosis in growth plate by controlling FGF1 expression via miR-21 regulation	29490650
	overexpression, microarray, knockdown	HBV-producing cell lines, hepatoma cell lines	up-regulated	expression	GAS5 does not modulate the replication of HBV but it inhibits cell proliferation in HepAD38.	31301149
sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, ribavirin	qRT-PCR	serum	up-regulated	expression	serum lncRNAGAS5 and LncRNABISPR were upregulated in naïve patients.	31988583
	western blot, qRT-PCR, Immunofluorescence assays	Cardiac differentiation model of human induced pluripotent stem cells	up-regulated	expression	In conclusion, our results suggest that ribavirin is detrimental in cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs, which may be associated with DNA damage, upregulated p53 and increased Gas5. It may provide the evidence for the rational clinical application of ribavirin.	32112805

Interaction
Interaction target	Level of interaction	Type of interaction	Methods	Description	PMID
DNMT3B	RNA-Protein	regulation	RIP	A series of dual-luciferase reporter, RIP , RNA pull-down, ChIP MSP , and BSP assays confirmed that GAS5 significantly induced MAP4K4 methylation and downregulated MAP4K4 expression through the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B).	31997156
ANXA2	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	RNA pull-down experiment revealed a direct bind of lncRNA-GAS5 to a Ca2+-dependent RNA-binding protein, Annexin A2.	25806802
CEBPB	RNA-DNA	regulation	RIP	GAS5 overexpression increased its binding to CEBPB and consequently downregulated GDF15.	31314588
COX-2	RNA-Protein	regulation	western blot	he interaction between GAS5 and COX-2 was determined using RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). GAS5 was confirmed to promote the ubiquitination of COX-2	30892130
E2F1	RNA-TF	binding	N/A	GAS5 interacted with E2F1 and enhanced the binding of E2F1 to the P27(Kip1) promoter.these findings determine that GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer development and progression via targeting P27(Kip1)Implications	28396462
E2F4	RNA-Protein	binding	western blot, RIP	The binding of GAS5 and E2F4 were proved by RNA pull-down and RIP assay.	31391118
EZH2	RNA-Protein	regulation	N/A	GAS5 effectively repressed EZH2 transcription by directly interacting with E2F4 and recruiting E2F4 to EZH2 promoter.	29445179
EZH2	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	GAS5 can inhibit the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) by binding to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2).	31830648
EZH2	RNA-Protein	regulation	N/A	LncGAS5 mediates Th1/Th2 differentiation partly through downregulating T-bet and EZH2.	31841965
EZH2	RNA-Protein	regulation	N/A	The LncGAS5 in AR-EXO inhibited transcription and expression of EZH2, and it also inhibited T-bet expression at mRNA and protein levels.	31841965
EZH2	RNA-DNA	regulation	RIP	lncRNA GAS5 attenuated EZH2 expression by recruiting E2F4 to the EZH2 promoter region and knockdown of EZH2 upregulated CDKN1C expression by inhibiting the H3K27me3.	32308561
FOXO1	DNA-TF	regulation	N/A	we found that FoxO1 binds to the promoter of GAS5, facilitating its transcription in response to propofol treatment.	31583913
G6PD	RNA-Protein	regulation	western blot	RNA co-immunoprecipitation showed that GAS5 induced these changes through a physical interaction between GAS5 and the G6PD protein.	30569211
GSTM3	RNA-DNA	regulation	western blot	GSTM3 was predicted as a target gene of lncRNA GAS5 by bioinformatics analysis	31172354
HCV NS3	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	GAS5 attenuated virus replication with its 5' end sequences, as confirmed by different GAS5 truncations. Moreover, this 5' end sequences showed RNA-protein interaction with HCV NS3 protein that could act as a decoy to inhibit its functions, which contributed to the suppression of HCV replication.	26945984
miR-103	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot	Through inhibiting the expression of miR-103, GAS5 significantly enhanced the expression of PTEN to promote cancer cell apoptosis.	26511107
miR-106a-5p	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Overexpression of long noncoding RNA GAS5 suppresses tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer by sponging miR-106a-5p through the Akt/mTOR pathway GAS5 overexpression inactivated the Akt/mTOR pathway by suppressing miRNA-106a-5p expression in vitro and in vivo.	31182630
miR-106b	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay	GAS5 served as a miR-106b sponge, and miR-106b negatively regulated IER3 expression.	30579899
miR-10b	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 negatively modulated Sirt1 via miR-10b.	31889362
miR-126-3p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	By luciferase gene reporter assay, we discovered that GAS5 may act as a sponge for miR-126-3p in HCC cells.	31235746
miR-1297	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	Elevated GAS5 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-1297 and attenuates its inhibitory effect on GSK3β, leading to GSK3β increase and Mcl1 decrease.	31583913
miR-1323	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Furthermore, we identified the negative correlations between miR-1323 and TP53INP1, and between miR-1323 and GAS5 in tumor tissues of patients with HCC.	31190897
miR-135a	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot, luciferase reporter assay	GAS5 directly targeted miR-135a and repressed miR-135a expression.	31545249
miR-135a	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 acts as a target of miR-135a.	32105659
miR-135b	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	GAS5 could directly target miR-135b and negatively regulate its expression.	28117028
miR-137	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	our research demonstrated that the GAS5/miR-137 axis could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.	28386376
miR-137	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	The long noncoding RNA GAS5 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA-137 and is involved in demyelination.	32348112
miR-155	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot	TargetScan indicated GAS5 had one binding site for miR-155. overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 may promotes NPC apoptosis via Bcl-2 downregulation and caspase-3 upregulation, which may be associated with miR-155.	30747227
miR-18a	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Taken together, the results show that GAS5 serves as a sponge for miR-18a, inhibiting its capability to suppress CTGF protein translation and ultimately decreasing the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. GAS5 inhibited miR-18a, which downregulates connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, to negatively regulate the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs.	29748618
miR-18a-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	ISH	By deletion analysis, we identified one miR-18a-5p-binding site within exon 2 of GAS5 that is partially responsible for the tumor-suppressor functions of GAS5.	30078184
miR-196-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 was indicated to directly target miR-196a-5p and modify its expression, and the targeted relationship also seemed to exist between miR-196a-5p and HOXA5 (P < 0.05).	30201235
miR-196a	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay	GAS5 was able to directly bind to miR-196a and miR-205	28671039
miR-196a-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	We demonstrate that GAS5 suppresses GSC malignancy by binding to miR-196a-5p.	28666797
miR-205	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay	GAS5 was able to directly bind to miR-196a and miR-205	28671039
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	miR-21 is capable of suppressing the lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5). GAS5 can also repress miR-21 expression.	23933812
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 suppresses cancer proliferation by acting as a molecular sponge for miR-21, leading to the de-repression of phosphatase and tensin homologs (PTEN), the endogenous target of miR-21.	27034004
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot, dual-luciferase reporter assay	GAS5 is a direct target of miR-21 and can predict the clinical staging of cervical cancer. Most importantly, GAS5 can also influence cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer via regulating the phosphorylation of Akt	28472815
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	In the present study, GAS5 could compete with PTEN for miR-21 binding	28686971
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot	Long non-coding RNA GAS5 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation via the control of microRNA-21 and SPRY2 expression.	29896229
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot	GAS5 directly targets miR-21 and functions as a competing endogenous RNA to suppressc expression.	30205366
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	miR-21 was observed to potentially bind to GAS5	31069831
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Overexpression of miR-21 eliminated GAS5-mediated cell apoptosis and proliferation suppression.	31572003
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased significantly in serum of siRNA GAS5 group, whereas the expression level of miR-21 in myocardial tissues was down-regulated.	31646590
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 acted as a sponge for miR-21 silencing and consequently led to the elevation of PTEN expression.	31705194
miR-21	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	GAS5 elevation up-regulates RECK expression by down-regulating miR-21 to increase ESCC cell apoptosis after radiation therapy, thus enhancing cell radio-sensitivity.	31866421
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot	MiR-21 is a GAS5 target and GAS5 inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by targeting miR-21.	31910411
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	IR enhanced the interaction between lncRNA GAS5 and the miR‑21/PTEN/Akt axis.	32020207
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot	MiR-21 was a direct target for GAS5, whereas phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was a direct target gene of miR-21.	32069387
miR-21	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 facilitated apoptosis by competitively sponging miR-21, which negatively regulated TSP-1 in renal I/R injury.	32257391
miR-21-5p	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	GAS5 could competitively bind with miR-21-5p and miR-21-5p inhibition alleviated the beneficial effects of GAS5 knockdown against HG stimulation.	31865425
miR-221	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Overexpression of GAS5 suppressed the proliferation, migration, gemcitabine resistance, stem cell-like properties, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC cells by directly binding to and suppressing miR-221 expression and enhancing suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression.	30388621
miR-221	RNA-RNA	binding	RIP	lncRNA GAS5 functions as an endogenous sponge for miR-221 via both the directly targeting way and Ago2-dependent manner.	31631065
miR-221-3p	RNA-RNA	binding	RIP	Further mechanism-related investigations indicated that GAS5 acted as an endogenous "sponge" by competing for miR-221-3p binding to regulate its target dickkopf 2 (DKK2), and then it inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.	32160712
miR-222	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	A pulldown assay further validated that GAS5 could directly bind to miR-222.	26446789
miR-222	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen by serving as a molecular sponge for miR-222, contributing to suppression of phosphatase and tensin homologs (PTEN) (one endogenous target of miR-222)	29969658
miR-222	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	Functionally, GAS5 overexpression sensitized CDDP-resistant HepG2/CDDP and Huh7/CDDP cells to CDDP. Mechanically, GAS5 improved the sensitivity of HCC cells to CDDP through sponging miR-222.	32213078
miR-222-3p	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	Gas5 was identified as a target of miR-222-3p which was aberrantly high in PTC cells. Enhanced expression of miR-222-3p promoted the proliferation of PTC cells while knocking down miR-222-3p could inhibit it. The advanced effects of miR-222-3p on the proliferation of PTC cells could be partly reversed by the upregulation of Gas5 expression	29423063
miR-222-3p	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay, western blot	Luciferase report assay was performed to validate the binding between lncRNA GAS5 and miR-222-3p	32240616
miR-223	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 might serve as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-223 to counteract miR-223-mediated suppression on NAMPT, thus regulating EPC proliferation and senescence via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.	31026096
miR-23a	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot	GAS5 negatively regulated miR-23a expression in GC cells.	27827524
miR-23a	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot	LncRNA GAS5 can be used as a sponge platform for miR-23a to decrease miR-23a expression levels competitively.	30735452
miR-26a	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay, western blot	GAS5 specifically binds to miR-26a, and a reciprocal negative regulation exists between the two. The present study also demonstrated that GAS5 downregulation inhibited HMGB1 expression and NF-κB activation, while these suppressive effects were mediated by miR-26a.	30365114
miR-26b-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 was confirmed to be an miR-26b-5p sponge .	32347320
miR-29-3p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 competitively bound miRNA-29-3p with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), upregulating PTEN mRNA and protein expression, and inhibited level of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PI3K) and serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) phosphorylation in HUVECs.	31186629
miR-32-5p	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was performed to observe the position relation between GAS5 and miR-32-5p. GAS5 could positively regulate PTEN-induced tumor-suppressor pathway via miR-32-5p, thereby suppressing PC metastasis.	29225772
miR-33a-5p	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	MiR-33a-5p could promote the enrichment of GAS5 and ABCA1 was the direct target gene of miR-33a-5p.	30825202
miR-34a	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	The association of GAS5 with its target microRNA‑34a (miR‑34a) and the downstream target gene Bcl‑2 was verified by luciferase reporter assays. overexpression of GAS5 downregulated miR‑34a and upregulated Bcl‑2 levels (P<0.05) compared with the expression levels of these markers in the control group.	31894330
miR-378	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	lncRNA GAS5 and miR-378 could directly bind to each other	31692053
miR-452-5p	RNA-RNA	regulation	western blot, luciferase reporter assay	lncRNA GAS5/miR-452-5p Reduces Oxidative Stress and Pyroptosis of High-Glucose-Stimulated Renal Tubular Cells miR-452-5p interference could cause the same changes as GAS5 overexpression for HG-induced HK-2 cells, and GAS5 inhibition could reverse the effect of miR-452-5p interference.	31849505
miR-455-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot	GAS5 promotes M1 macrophage polarization by acting as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-455-5p to facilitate SOCS3 expression in childhood pneumonia.	30584669
miR-495	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	CircHIPK3 and LncGAS5 induced the upregulation of Th2 cell-specific transcript factor GATA-3 via modulating their common target miR-495.	32242002
miR-525-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	western blot, luciferase reporter assay, RIP	GAS5 was proved to be the target of miR-525-5p	31429119
miR-532-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	luciferase reporter assay	The luciferase reporter assay results indicated that the lncRNA GAS5 functioned as a molecular sponge of miR‑532‑5p.	31985016
miR-544	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	We also proved the interaction of GAS5 and miR-544, and the negative regulation role of GAS5 on miR-544. GAS5 overexpression in activated NK cells increased RUNX3 expression, IFN-γ secretion, the NK cell cytotoxicity, the percentage of CD107a+ NK cells, and the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells, while miR-544 mimic abolished the promotion effect of GAS5 overexpression.	30774011
miR-663a	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	ZBTB7A bound to the promoter of LncRNA GAS5 and transcriptionally suppressed LncRNA GAS5 expression, leading to a decline in ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. miR-663a induced by ER stress directly bound to the 3'UTR of ZBTB7A and contributed to ER stress-induced ZBTB7A downregulation in osteosarcoma cells.	30753838
miR-873	RNA-RNA	regulation	N/A	GAS5 was found to potentially interact with miR-873. It was further verified that GAS5 could suppress miR-873. Moreover, miR-873 could promote HIV-1 replication.	29620929
miR-96-5p	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	knockdown of lncRNA GAS5 leads to antifibrosis by competitively binding miR-96-5p, which inhibits the expression of FN1.	31810140
NP-C86	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	NP-C86 binds to GAS5 with high affinity, and increases GAS5 levels and glucose uptake in diabetic patient adipocytes.	30661991
NR3C1	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	GAS5 can have interaction with the GR that encoded by NR3C1 gene and inhibit its transcriptional activity.	32032633
p300	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	AS5 directly binds to p53 and p300, stabilizes p53-p300 interaction, and thus regulates VSMC cell survival via induction of p53-downstream target genes.	31167125
p53	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	AS5 directly binds to p53 and p300, stabilizes p53-p300 interaction, and thus regulates VSMC cell survival via induction of p53-downstream target genes.	31167125
sema3a	RNA-Protein	regulation	western blot	RNA pull-down and RIP assay were used to verify the combination between GAS5 and sema3a. pcDNA-GAS5 reversed cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by NE, while pcDNA-sema3a countered the inhibitory effect	30099044
Smad3	RNA-RNA	binding	N/A	The long non-coding RNA GAS5 regulates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation via RNA Smad-binding elements.	28659340
Smad3	RNA-Protein	binding	western blot, RIP, ChIP, FISH	Mechanistically, GAS5 directly bound Smad3 and promoted Smad3 binding to PPM1A	32374674
SNORD44	RNA-Protein	regulation	N/A	We demonstrated that SNORD44 expression level was markedly decreased in CRC tissues and positively correlated with GAS5 expression	28530127
STAT3	RNA-Protein	binding	RIP, Co-IP	RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between GAS5 and STAT3.	31978798
YAP	RNA-TF	binding	N/A	GAS5 directly interacts with WW domain of YAP to facilitate translocation of endogenous YAP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and promotes phosphorylation and subsequently ubiquitin-mediated degradation of YAP to inhibit CRC progression in vitro and in vivo.	31619268
YBX1	RNA-TF	binding	N/A	lncRNA GAS5 was shown to interact with Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), and lncRNA GAS5 knockdown was shown to accelerate YBX1 protein turnover without affecting YBX1 transcription.	25959498
ZBTB7A	RNA-Protein	binding	N/A	ZBTB7A bound to the promoter of LncRNA GAS5 and transcriptionally suppressed LncRNA GAS5 expression, leading to a decline in ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. miR-663a induced by ER stress directly bound to the 3'UTR of ZBTB7A and contributed to ER stress-induced ZBTB7A downregulation in osteosarcoma cells.	30753838

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